The course of mood disorders

O autor apresenta revisão sobre o curso dos transtornos de humor, enfatizando seu caráter crônico e o prognóstico mais reservado do que inicialmente descrito . São revisados criticamente os artigos iniciais sobre o tema. A revisão dirigida aos fatores que influenciam a recuperação e a recorrência (variáveis relacionadas com a doença; variáveis demográficas e de história familiar; personalidade, eventos de vida, suporte social e relações interpessoais; variáveis biológicas e variáveis de tratamento). São salientadas as dificuldades metodológicas dos estudos de curso e dos fatores preditores de recorrência e recuperação

Pacientes de longa permanência em um hospital psiquiátrico no sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características demográficas, funcionamento social e qualidade de vida de uma população de pacientes recebendo cuidados de longa duração em hospital psiquiátrico. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em Porto Alegre, RS, em 2002. Foram avaliados 584 (96%) indivíduos sob hospitalização de longa duração usando quatro questionários validados (World Health Organization Quality of Life - Brief Social Behaviour Schedule, the Independent Living Skills Survey, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) e um outro (Questionnaire for assessing Physical Disability Degree) para avaliar grau de incapacidade. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de hospitalização foi de 26 anos (DP: 15,8) e 46,6% dos indivíduos não apresentavam incapacidade física. Os pacientes tiveram suas habilidades de funcionamento social e autonomia acentuadamente afetados. Poucos (27.7%) conseguiram responder o questionário de avaliação de qualidade de vida, apresentando importante comprometimento em todos os domínios. A Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale evidenciou prevalência baixa de sintomas positivos na população estudada. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados revelaram haver importante grau de comprometimento no funcionamento social, nível de autonomia e qualidade de vida dos idosos. Tais aspectos devem ser considerados no planejamento da internação de longa duração de pacientes idosos.OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic profile, social functioning, and quality of life of a population of long-stay care patients in a psychiatric hospital. METHODS: A study was carried out in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, in 2002. A total of 584 (96%) long-stay patients were assessed by means of the following instruments: the World Health Organization Quality of Life, the Social Behavior Schedule, the Independent Living Skills Survey, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and another instrument for assessing disability (Questionnaire for Assessing Physical Disability). RESULTS: The average hospital stay was 26 years (SD: 15.8) and 46.6% of inpatients had no physical disability. Patients had their social functioning skills and autonomy largely impaired. Few of them (27.7%) answered the instrument for assessing quality of life, and showed significant impairments in all domains. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale evidenced a low prevalence of positive symptoms in this population. CONCLUSIONS: The institutionalized population studied presented significantly impaired social functioning, autonomy, and quality of life. These aspects need to be taken into consideration while planning for their deinstitutionalization

Psicoterapia das depressões

Os autores examinam o status atual das psicoterapias no tratamento das depressões, principalmente das quatro formas melhor testadas empiricamente nos últimos 10 anos: psicoterapia interpessoal, psicoterapia cognitiva e comportamental, e psicoterapia psicodinâmica breve. São descritos os principais estudos de eficácia dessas psicoterapias assim como uma revisão metaanalítica sobre o assunto. Conclui-se que já há sólidas evidências de bons resultados nas depressões ambulatoriais e unipolares quando tratadas por intervenções psicossociais, combinadas ou não com farmacoterapia.It is examined the present status of psychotherapeutic treatment of depression, specially the impact of the four types of psychotherapy best empirically tested for the past 10 years: interpersonal therapy, cognitive and behavioral therapies, and brief psychodynamic therapy. Both the main efficacy studies of those therapies as well as a meta-analytic review of their results are described. The conclusion is that there are already strong evidences of good outcome when ambulatorial unipolar depression is treated by psychossocial interventions, alone or in combination with pharmacotherap

Depression psychotherapy

Os autores examinam o status atual das psicoterapias no tratamento das depressões, principalmente das quatro formas melhor testadas empiricamente nos últimos 10 anos: psicoterapia interpessoal, psicoterapia cognitiva e comportamental, e psicoterapia psicodinâmica breve. Descrevem-se os principais estudos de eficácia destas psicoterapias assim como uma revisão meta-analítica dos mesmos. Conclui-se que já há sólidas evidências de bons resultados nas depressões ambulatoriais e unipolares quando tratadas por intervenções psicossociais, combinadas ou não com farmacoterapia.The present status of psychotherapeutic treatment for depression is examined, especially the impact of the four types of psychotherapy that have been best tested empirically in the past 10 years: interpersonal therapy, cognitive and behavioral therapies, and brief psychodynamic therapy. Both the main efficacy studies of those therapies as well as a meta-analytic review of their results are described. The conclusion is that there is strong evidence of favorable outcome when ambulatorial unipolar depression is treated by psychosocial interventions, in isolation or in combination with pharmacotherapy

Increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor are associated with high intrinsic religiosity among depressed inpatients

Recognition of the importance of religion and spirituality in psychiatry is increasing, and several studies have shown a predominantly inverse relationship between religiosity and depression. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a widely studied brain neurotrophin responsible for synaptic plasticity, dendritic and neuronal fiber growth, and neuronal survival. The objective of the present study was to evaluate BDNF levels across high and low intrinsic religiosity (IR) in depressed inpatients. Serum BDNF levels were evaluated from 101 depressed inpatients at hospital admission and 91 inpatients at discharge. Religiosity was assessed using a validated version of the Duke University Religion Index. High IR patients had significantly higher serum BDNF at discharge than do low IR (52.0 vs. 41.3 ng/mL, P = 0.02), with a Cohen’s d effect size difference of 0.56. High IR patients had a statistically significant increase in BDNF levels from admission to discharge (43.6 ± 22.4 vs. 53.8 ± 20.6 ng/mL, −1.950 (paired t-statistic), P = 0.05). The relationship between IR and BDNF levels (F = 6.199, P = 0.00) was controlled for the effects of depressive symptoms (β = 2.73, P = 0.00) and psychiatric treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (β = 0.17, P = 0.08), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (β = −0.23, P = 0.02), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (β = −0.17, P = 0.10), lithium (β = 0.29, P = 0.00), anticonvulsants (β = 0.22, P = 0.03), antipsychotics (β = −0.05, P = 0.61), and electroconvulsive therapy (β = 0.00, P = 0.98). The current findings suggest a potential pathway to help understand the protective effect of religiosity in depressive disorders